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Tuesday, November 20, 2007

Road To Mount Everest

China has a strong plan to construct a road up to the base camp of Mt.Everest. This has been a cause for anxiety for the entire countries of this region. The anxiety of twofold --- environment and ecological disaster and its impact on the region and the adverse effect of such a venture on the tourism sector. Have the environmentalists, whether under the name of Greens, Friends of the Earth or others, shown their extremely serious concern on the project's adverse effect upon the overall environmental and ecology?
The road to Mt. Everest is symbolic of the present government's soaring ambition and China will stop at nothing to prove a point to the watching world as a run- up to the Beijing Olympics in 2008.The track of that road, in fact, was constructed a couple of years earlier and it is understood that considering the Olympic Games to be held in China in 2008, the road is to be black potted so as to be transported up to the base of Mt. Everest.
China, once having declared its plan and program, is reputed to complete such projects in less than the prescribed time. This has been demonstrated even in the case of a mammoth project like the three Gorges project or the Lhasa Railway. Each of them was completed earlier than the planned time. Mandip Singh Soni from India has visited and seen the project. Accordingly, he has clearly noticed a road going up to the base camp. It was not yet metalled but was good enough for mini-buses, cars and horses carts to ply on.
In fact, four kilometers short of the base camp is a house cart stand. A road up to the base camp of Everest would mean to flux of tourists commercial activities, thereby passing a threat to the environment.
Himalayas' geology and ecology is vulnerable and also very young. This means that constructions works, use of road materials, drilling, digging, explosion etc will seriously damage the environment and undermine the sanctity of the Himalaya. Such actions will contribute to soil erosion, depletion of Himalayan flora and fauna and damage the ecology of the region. The number of tourists visiting the base camp via a vehicle would increase immensely. Such huge numbers would stress the Himalayan environment and render it incapable of coping with resulting pressures on it.
Nepal, which is just getting a slight relief from the decade-long violent conflict, has seriously wounded its economy and, particularly, the tourism sector. Our major foreign currency earning sector is tourism, particularly trekking and expedition to the mountains including Mt Everest. If the highway to the lap of Mt Everest is constructed, then the trekking and expedition of the Himalayas from Nepal would be diverted to China, thereby ending Nepal's tourism prospectus in the area. That could also sound a death knell to the vulnerable Nepali economy.
Nepal should strive persuade to shield itself from the adverse impact of the so-called highway to Mt Everest on its tourism and overall economy as well. Millions of Nepalese are directly or indirectly involved in this sector, from the trekker climber, guide and porter to the hotel and restaurant owner and a host of other people. Our domestic airlines as well as international airlines that fly to and from Kathmandu could also be closed by this Chinese project, which means irreparable damage and disaster on the Nepali economy and people's livelihood.
The environmental and ecological damages arising from such highway construction would be very dangerous and irreparable. There would be other infrastructure projects, such as hotel, restaurants, grocery shops, hospital, schools, market places etc, which will cause serious damage to the mountain ecology and vulnerable landscape. People, who like to go on adventure tourism, would normally wish to have one chance to be in Mt Everest base camp. Even physically handicapped people would love to take advantage of such an opportunity in their life. This is considered a golden opportunity to everyone, particularly, to the people of developed countries, who have the money and desire to experience this wonderful opportunity to reach the base of Everest. Even the activities of trekking and expeditions to the base camp of Mt Everest from Nepal's side are alleged to have caused serious pollution of the Everest area, according to Friends of the Earth and other environmentalists.
For example, Edmund Hillary, along with other mountain lovers, has asked both Nepal and China to give a respite to Mt Everest for at least one decade so as to maintain and preserve the Himalayan ecology and environment. Bringing millions of people to the base camp would be tantamount to invading the Himalayas by human beings, which would explicitly cause detrimental effects and the outcome of such adverse effects to the Hindukush Himalaya would be disastrous. Therefore, it is high time the concerned governments engaged in serious negotiation with china and sorted out the serious problem of impending pollution and damage of the Himalayan area.
Otherwise, only regret and self pity would remain for the governments and peoples of this region.
One wonders to find out why even Singapore, the island country which is smaller than the tiniest of our districts and possessing little natural beauty, had been able to attract millions of tourists. Despite being the world's most popular destination with extraordinary natural gifts such as mountain-peaks, hills, rivers, jungles, wild lives, flora and fauna, the number of tourists in this country is less than four hundred thousand. The answer to this "why" is very simple and obvious-mismanagement, inability to tap our tourism potential, lack of peace, security and inefficiency of the government and the tourism entrepreneurs as well. Most of us should be held accountable for this failure.
This, however, is one of the most wonderful areas to be developed and harnessed prudently. Nepal's rapid and radical economic development, which is the only ambition and aspiration of our people, could then come true.
However, we must learn from Switzerland, Tibet, among others, and should be honest, transparent and efficient. Tourism is vulnerable to even a small friction. It is potentially a major area for our economy, employment and livelihood. Therefore, any detrimental activities over this area should not take place at all.
"Collected from News paper; 2007"

Monday, August 13, 2007

Bhaktapur Durbar Square



Bhaktapur (27.67°N 85.43°E. Also Bhadgaon or Khwopa) is an ancient Newari town in the east corner of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. It is located in Bhaktapur District and has approx. 78,000 inhabitants. The male inhabitants of this city wear a special type of cap called the Bhaad-gaaule topi. This city is famous for its yoghurt or curd ju-ju Dhau - king of curd.


Bhaktapur's main square, Durbar Square, houses the 55-window Palace which was constructed by King Bhupatindra Malla and was home to royalty until 1769. It is now a National Gallery. Close by is the Golden Gate which leads into Mulchok Court which is home to the Taleju Temple. This temple, like others in the main towns of the Kathmandu valley, is dedicated to the goddess Taleju Bhawani and includes shrines to the both Taleju Bhawani and Kumari. Entrance to the temple is restricted to Hindus and the goddess strictly cannot be photographed.


From time immemorial it lay on the trade route between Tibet/China and India. This position on the main caravan route made the town rich and prosperous: each autumn the traders from Tibet came with sheep ("changra"), fitting nicely with the main Nepali holidays, 'Dasain' (Hindi: Dussehra), when nearly everyone in Nepal sacrificed male animals to the goddess Durga. On the return trek the traders brought back to Tibet grains, sugar or Buddhist scriptures.


This prosperity fueled the cultural life: ie. the temple builders developed a Pagoda-style, spreading it through Tibet all the way to Japan. Finest of all is the five-tiered, heaven piercing Nyatapole.


Bhaktapur is a popular day-trip destination for tourists visiting Kathmandu. Lately, with more air-pollution in Kathmandu, more and more tourists are staying in Bhaktapur for a few days, before arrangements for trekking are finished. For foreign tourists the entry fee is NPR 750/$10; for nationals of SAARC-countries and China (sic!) the fee is NPR 50.

Thursday, August 2, 2007

Lord Buddha






Lumbini(27° 28' 60N, 83° 16' 60E) (Sanskrit: लुम्बिनी, "the lovely") is a Buddhist pilgrimage site located in Rupandehi District, Lumbini Zone of Nepal. It is the place where Mayadevi gave birth to Siddhartha Gautam, who later became a Buddha (Gautam Buddha), and founded the religion of Buddhism. Gautam Buddha lived between approximately 623 BC and 544 BC.




Kapilvastu, the birth place of Buddha is 26 km to the West of Lumbini and approximately 12 km,to the South of East- West Highway (Mahendra Highway), and 19 km to the North of Indian border check post, Khunuwa. It is about 300 km. west of capital city Kathmandu. Kapilvastu, Rupandehi and Nawalparasi Terai districts of Lumbini Zone are around Lumbini, the birth place of Lord Buddha, which are fertile and densely populated.It has been the Shakya Kingdom where King Suddodhana, father of Lord Buddha, reigned, 2600 years ago.










Buddha, Known as the Lord of Asia, was born in Lumbini during the full moon day in the month of Baisakh in 623 BC. He was born under a sal (Shorea robusta) tree when Mayadevi was going to her maternal town on the occasion of delivery. Emerging from a bath with her face to the east, she leant her right arm on a sala tree. The Buddha was then born from her right side and immediately took seven steps—from which lotus flowers sprang up—in each of the four directions. To each direction he proclaimed as with a lion's roar: "I am the first, the best of all beings, this is my last birth.''












Main events in the life of Buddha:-
· Birth (Lumbini,Rupandehi) - 623 BC
· Marriage (Kapilavastu) - 608 BC
· Renunciation (Kapilavastu) - 595 BC
· Enlightenment (Bodh Gaya) - 589 BC
· 1st Year after Enlightenment (Sarnath) - 588 BC
· Death / Parinirvana at Kushinagar - 544 BC























Eternal Flame Symlolising the Peace.


The eight places of Buddha Pilgrimage:-
1. Lumbini—birthplace of the Buddha
2. Bodhgaya—site of Buddha's enlightenment
3. Sarnath—first turning of the Wheel of Dharma
4. Rajgir—second turning of the Wheel of Dharma
5. Shravasti—teachings in the Jetavana Grove
6. Sankashya—where Lord Buddha descended from Tushita Heaven
7. Nalanda—site of the great monastic university
8. Kushinagar—where Buddha entered mahaparinirvana








"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha " was added to Unesco's World Heritage List in 1997. "
Country: Nepal
Theme: Religious structure, Buddhist





In general, 'Buddha' means 'Awakened One', someone who has awakened from the sleep of ignorance and sees things as they really are. A Buddha is a person who is completely free from all faults and mental obstructions.There is nothing that Buddha does not know. Because he has awakened from the sleep of ignorance and has removed all obstructions from his mind, he knows everything of the past, present, and future, directly and simultaneously.

Saturday, July 28, 2007

WHERE IS GOLD FOUND?


Rocks: Gold is present in tiny quantities in all igneous rocks. Some patches of rocks contain a high enough concentration of gold to make it worthwhile for companies to mine, crush, and chemically leach the metal from the ore. High -quality ore contains only about 30 grams of gold per ton of rock.

Reefs: On rare occasions gold is found in sheets or veins wedged between layers of quartz. This is known as reef gold.

Rivers: Over time, gold - bearing reefs that become exposed to sun, rain, and wind break down, releasing trapped gold, which then accumulates in creeks and rivers as tiny speaks, or flakes. In this form it is known as alluvial gold.

Earth's Surface: Odd -shaped clumps of gold that seem to form at random in the earth's surface are known as nuggets. These clumps can sometimes reach spectacular sizes. The largest gold nugget ever found in Australia was called The Welcome Stranger, and it weighed about 70 kilograms! It was discovered in 1869 in the Australia state of Victoria. Australia is the home of big nuggets, having yielded 23 of the 25 biggest nuggets ever discovered. Today gold nuggets, which can be as small as a match head, are more rare than gem -quality diamonds.

Collected from "Awake, September 22, 2005"

Friday, July 27, 2007

Dactylorhiza


Dactylorhiza is a genus of terresterial (ground-dwelling) plants from the orchid family (Orchidaceae). The name Dactylorhiza is derived from Greek words daktylos" (finger) and "rhiza" (root). This is because of the shape of the genus' two underground tubers. Dactylorhiza were previously classified under Orchis.
These orchids are distributed throughout the subarctic and temperate northern hemisphere : in Europe, from Scandinavia to North Africa; also on Madeira, Iceland, West Asia, North Asia, the Humalayas, North America and even in Alask.
These terrestrial orchids grow in basic soils in wet meadows, bogs, heathland and in areas sparsely populated by trees. They are tuberous geophytes. In a thickened underground stem, they can store a large amount of water to survive arid conditions.
The long leaves are lanceolate and, in most species, also speckled. They grow along a rather long stem which reaches a height of 70-90 cm. Leaves higher on the stem are shorter than leaves lower on the stem.The inflorescence, compared to the length of the plant, is rather short. It consists of a compact raceme with 25-50 flowers. These develop from axillary buds. The dominant colors are all shades of pink to red, sprinkled with darker speckles.

Friday, July 13, 2007

UTILITY OF RANDOM AMPLIFICATION OF POLYMORPHIC DNA -POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RAPD-PCR) IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Seminar Presentation Abstract
Mahendra Chaudhary
22nd Dec ,2006
This presentation focuses on random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and its utility in biological research .PCR, an in vitro replication of DNA, is used to amplify specific DNA fragments by a repeating cycle of denaturation, annealing and extension in an automated thermal cycler [1]. RAPD-PCR, a variation of general PCR where forward and reverse primers are used to amplify specific DNA segment, is used to amplify an unknown segment of DNA flanked by a single arbitrary primer [2] that is able to anneal and prime at multiple locations throughout the genome. Thus, a spectrum of amplified products is obtained on agarose gel electrophoresis characteristic to the chromosome of the organism. RAPD-PCR can be used to develop genome fingerprinting and, thus, high- resolution genetic maps for those organisms whose genetic markers are not known [3]. Hence, the technique can be used in forensic analysis. A series of RAPD primers can be used to develop RAPD markers useful to further categorize a given species. RAPD -PCR has been successfully used to detect genetic variation among Bacillus thuriengiensis serovars [4] and has been used to assay genetic diseases[5].
References:
1. Padmalatha k and Prasad MNV, (2006).Optimization of DNA isolation and PCR protocol for RAPD analysis of selected medicinal and aromatic plants of conservation concern from Peninsular India. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(3), 230-234.

2. Singh BD, (1998). Recombinant DNA Technology In: Biotechnology, Kalyani Publishers, 28-36.

3. Mitchelson KR, Drenth J, Doung H, et al, (1999). Direct Sequencing of RAPD fragments Using 3' - extended oligonucleotide primers dye terminator cycle -sequencing. Nucleic Acid Research, 27(19), e28.

4. Adelaida M, Gaviri R and Priest FG, (2003). Molecular Typing of Bacillus thuringiensis Serovars by RAPD-PCR. System. Appl. Microbiol. 26, 254-261.

5. Olivier M, Meehi MA, and Lust G, (1999). RAPD Sequences as Markers for CanineGenetic Studies. The Amecian Genetic Association, 90, 78-82.

Tuesday, June 26, 2007

Hello

It's me mahen!
hopefully i will continue writing in coming days..